Gait in Parkinsons Disease

NewsBot · May 2, 2023

Effectiveness of Center of Pressure Trajectory as Anticipatory Postural Adjustment Measurement in Parkinson's Disease With Freezing of Gait History
Chien-Feng Kung et al
Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2023 Apr;37(4):240-250

Background: Evidence showed that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who have a history of freezing of gait (FOG) have hypometric anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) during gait initiation (GI) compared to PD without FOG.

Objectives: This study aimed to test the feasibility of center of pressure (COP) displacement during GI as the measure of APA in PD with and without a history of FOG.

Methods: Patients with PD underwent COP trajectory measurements, including duration, length, velocity, and acceleration in different phases of APA (APA1, APA2a, APA2, and LOC), as well as evaluation of New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOG-Q), Tinetti balance and gait score, and Postural Instability and Gait Difficulty (PIGD) score in the on and off medication states.

Results: The duration (seconds) of APA2a, APA2b, and LOC were highest while velocity in mediolateral direction (X) (m/s), including APA1, APA2a, APA2b, and LOC showed lowest in PD with FOG. Velocity in the mediolateral direction in different phases of APA increased in patients with FOG after dopaminergic therapy. APA2a (seconds) and APA2b (X) (m/s) were significantly associated with NFOG-Q part II, APA2b (X) (m/s) was significantly associated with NFOG-Q part III, and APA2a (seconds) was significantly associated with Tinetti balance and gait and PIGD score.

Conclusions: PD with FOG history showed a favorable response of APAs to dopaminergic replacement. The APA parameters by COP trajectory, especially lateral COP shift toward the stance foot (APA2b (X) (m/s) and APA2a (seconds)) are surrogate markers to assess PD with FOG history.
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NewsBot · May 20, 2023

Scoring festination and gait freezing in people with Parkinson's: The freezing of gait severity tool-revised
Aileen E. Scully, Dawn Tan, Beatriz Ito Ramos de Oliveira, Keith D. Hill, Ross Clark, Yong Hao Pua
18 May 2023

Background and Purpose
To improve existing clinical assessments for freezing of gait (FOG) severity, a new clinician-rated tool which integrates the varied types of freezing (FOG Severity Tool-Revised) was developed. This cross-sectional study investigated its validity and reliability.

Methods
People with Parkinson's disease who were able to independently ambulate eight-metres and understand study instructions were consecutively recruited from outpatient clinics of a tertiary hospital. Those with co-morbidities severely affecting gait were excluded. Participants were assessed with the FOG Severity Tool-Revised, three functional performance tests, the FOG Questionnaire, and outcomes measuring anxiety, cognition, and disability. The FOG Severity Tool-Revised was repeated for test-retest reliability. Exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were computed for structural validity and internal consistency. Reliability and measurement error were estimated with ICC (two-way, random), standard error of measurement, and smallest detectable change (SDC95). Criterion-related and construct validity were calculated with Spearman's correlations.

Results
Thirty-nine participants were enrolled [79.5% (n = 31) male; Median (IQR): age–73.0 (9.0) years; disease duration–4.0 (5.8) years], with fifteen (38.5%) who reported no medication state change contributing a second assessment for reliability estimation. The FOG Severity Tool-Revised demonstrated sufficient structural validity and internal consistency (α = 0.89–0.93), and adequate criterion-related validity compared to the FOG Questionnaire (ρ = 0.73, 95% CI 0.54–0.85). Test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.96, 95%CI 0.86–0.99) and random measurement error (%SDC95 = 10.4%) was acceptable in this limited sample.

Discussion and Conclusions
The FOG Severity Tool-Revised appeared valid in this initial sample of people with Parkinson's. While its psychometric properties remain to be confirmed in a larger sample, it may be considered for use in the clinical setting.
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NewsBot · Aug 3, 2023

Combination of Clinical and Gait Measures to Classify Fallers and Non-Fallers in Parkinson's Disease
Hayslenne A G O Araújo et al
Sensors (Basel). 2023 May 11;23(10)

Although the multifactorial nature of falls in Parkinson's disease (PD) is well described, optimal assessment for the identification of fallers remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to identify clinical and objective gait measures that best discriminate fallers from non-fallers in PD, with suggestions of optimal cutoff scores.

Methods: Individuals with mild-to-moderate PD were classified as fallers (n = 31) or non-fallers (n = 96) based on the previous 12 months' falls. Clinical measures (demographic, motor, cognitive and patient-reported outcomes) were assessed with standard scales/tests, and gait parameters were derived from wearable inertial sensors (Mobility Lab v2); participants walked overground, at a self-selected speed, for 2 min under single and dual-task walking conditions (maximum forward digit span). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified measures (separately and in combination) that best discriminate fallers from non-fallers; we calculated the area under the curve (AUC) and identified optimal cutoff scores (i.e., point closest-to-(0,1) corner).

Results: Single gait and clinical measures that best classified fallers were foot strike angle (AUC = 0.728; cutoff = 14.07°) and the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I; AUC = 0.716, cutoff = 25.5), respectively. Combinations of clinical + gait measures had higher AUCs than combinations of clinical-only or gait-only measures. The best performing combination included the FES-I score, New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire score, foot strike angle and trunk transverse range of motion (AUC = 0.85).

Conclusion: Multiple clinical and gait aspects must be considered for the classification of fallers and non-fallers in PD.
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NewsBot · Aug 15, 2023

Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: Implications for Dual-Task Walking
Andrew S Monaghan et al
J Parkinsons Dis. 2023 Aug 5

Background: The simultaneous completion of multiple tasks (dual-tasking, DT) often leads to poorer task performance (DT cost, DTC). People with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) exhibit difficulty with DT, and DTC may be particularly pronounced in PwPD with freezing of gait (FOG).

Objective: This study assessed the relationship between FOG status and DTC during gait.

Methods: Gait parameters were collected using inertial sensors in 106 PwPD (off-medication), including definite-freezers (dFOG; n = 25), possible-freezers (pFOG; n = 16), and non-freezers (nFOG; n = 65) during single (ST)-and DT walking.

Results: PwPD with dFOG had larger (worse) DTC than nFOG for foot-strike angle, stride length, toe-off angle, variability of foot-strike angle, and arm range of motion (ROM). After accounting for covariates, the toe-off angle and stride length remained worse in PwPD who freeze. Worse cognition predicted larger DTC for stride length, gait cycle duration, gait speed, and step duration across groups. Men had larger DTC compared to women for gait speed, variability in foot-strike angle, stride length, and arm ROM. Increased variability in gait speed DTC was associated with increased disease severity.

Conclusion: These findings provide additional support that that PwPD who freeze may rely on greater cortical control for the execution of specific gait metrics. They also underscore the importance of considering cognition when assessing DT ability in PwPD.
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NewsBot · Feb 28, 2024

Vibrotactile Foot Device for Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common, disabling symptom of later stage Parkinson's disease (PD), and can induce significant morbidity and mortality by increasing risk of falls as the disease progresses. Despite optimum medical management and deep brain stimulation therapy, many patients with PD are incapacitated by FOG and gait disorders. Non-invasive vibrotactile stimulation has been reported to potentially improve FOG of patients with PD. However, results of studies were variable, and there is a lack of convenient vibrotactile devices ready for daily use with reliable clinical trial data. In the proposed study, the investigator will test the effect of a newly developed vibrotactile foot device (Smart shoe) on participants diagnosed with PD and FOG. EEG and fMRI are obtained in order to investigate the underlying neurological mechanism.
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NewsBot · Mar 9, 2024

Laser-light cueing shoes with integrated foot pressure and inertial sensing for investigating the impact of visual cueing on gait characteristics in Parkinson's disease individuals
Hsiao-Lung Chan et al
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024 Jan 31

Gait disorders are a fundamental challenge in Parkinson's disease (PD). The use of laser-light visual cues emitted from shoes has demonstrated effective in improving freezing of gait within less restrictive environments. However, the effectiveness of shoes-based laser-light cueing may vary among individuals with PD who have different types of impairments. We introduced an innovative laser-light visual shoes system capable of producing alternating visual cues for the left and right feet through one-side cueing at a time, while simultaneously recording foot inertial data and foot pressures. The effects of this visual cueing system on gait patterns were assessed in individuals with PD, both those with well-gait and those with worse-gait. Our device successfully quantified gait characteristics, including the asymmetry in the center of pressure trajectory, in individuals with PD. Furthermore, visual cueing prolonged stride times and increased the percentage of stance phase, while concurrently reducing stride length in PD individuals with well-gait. Conversely, in PD individuals with worse-gait, visual cueing resulted in a decreased freeze index and a reduction in the proportion of intervals prone to freezing episodes. The effects of visual cueing varied between PD individuals with well-gait and those with worse-gait. Visual cueing slowed down gait in the well-gait group while it appeared to mitigate freezing episodes in worse-gait group. Future researches, including enhancements to extend the projection distance of visual cues and clinical assessments conducted in real-world settings, will help establish the clinical utility of our proposed visual cueing system.
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NewsBot · May 24, 2024

Self-treatment of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease patients using silicone pads to apply Thai acupressure to plantar acupoints: A randomised, controlled trial
Yuka Miyahara et al
Clin Park Relat Disord. 2024 May 10:10:100254

Introduction: Freezing of gait (FOG) involves dysfunction of the motor and sensory systems. Peripheral sensory stimuli, including Thai acupressure, can improve proprioceptive function and decrease FOG episodes. Here, we sought to determine the efficacy of acupressure as a self-treatment to alleviate FOG in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: We conducted an open-label, controlled trial of 60 PD patients with FOG while medicated, randomised into two groups: an active-treatment group using silicone pads to apply pressure to plantar acupoints on the head of the big toe and the base of the first metatarsal bone on each foot for 6 s using patient body weight while seated, repeated four times for each acupoint bilaterally, and a sham-treatment group using a similar protocol without the silicone pads. The primary outcome was stride length. Secondary outcomes included FOG episodes, FOG duration, percent duration of FOG to total gait time (%FOG), and gait parameters. A baseline-adjusted analysis of covariance was used to compare outcomes between the two groups.

Results: Compared with the sham treatment, the active treatment increased stride length, gait velocity, and cadence (all p < 0.001), and decreased FOG episodes and duration (both p < 0.001), %FOG (p = 0.011), and double-support time (p < 0.001). No adverse effects were noted.

Conclusions: Acupressure using silicone pads to stimulate plantar acupoints for self-treatment is a noninvasive, simple, safe way to improve gait and alleviate FOG in patients with PD.
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NewsBot · Jun 9, 2024

Effect of disease, freezing of gait, and dopaminergic medication in the biomechanics of trunk and upper limbs in the gait of Parkinson's disease
Emanuele Los Angeles et al
Human Movement Science; Volume 96, August 2024, 103242

Highlights
•The disease affects the upper limbs more strongly but not the trunk.
•PD ON showed changes in the range of motion of linear wrist displacement.
•The FoG does not affect trunk and partially influences the upper limbs.
•l-DOPA improves the kinematics of PD with and without FoG equally.
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Introduction
Parkinson's disease (PD) causes gait abnormalities that may be associated with an arm swing reduction. Medication and freezing of gait (FoG) may influence gait characteristics. However, these comparisons do not consider differences in gait speed and clinical characteristics in individuals with PD.

Objective
This study aims to analyze the effect of FoG and medication on the biomechanics of the trunk and upper limbs during gait in PD, controlling for gait speed and clinical differences between groups.

Methods
Twenty-two people with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD in ON and OFF medication (11 FoG), and 35 healthy participants (control) were selected from two open data sets. All participants walked on the floor on a 10-m-long walkway. The joint and linear kinematic variables of gait were compared: (1) Freezers and nonfreezers in the ON condition and control; (2) Freezers and nonfreezers in the OFF condition and control; (3) Group (freezers and nonfreezers) and medication.

Results
The disease affects the upper limbs more strongly but not the trunk. The medication does not significantly influence the joint characteristics but rather the linear wrist displacement. The FoG does not affect trunk movement and partially influences the upper limbs. The interaction between medications and FoG suggests that the medication causes more substantial improvement in freezers than in nonfreezers.

Conclusion
The study shows differences in the biomechanics of the upper limbs of people with PD, FoG, and the absence of medication. The future rehabilitation protocol should consider this aspect.
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NewsBot · Jun 30, 2024

Classification of Parkinson's disease severity using gait stance signals in a spatiotemporal deep learning classifier
Brenda G Muñoz-Mata et al
Med Biol Eng Comput. 2024 Jun 17

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative nervous system disorder involving motor disturbances. Motor alterations affect the gait according to the progression of PD and can be used by experts in movement disorders to rate the severity of the disease. However, this rating depends on the expertise of the clinical specialist. Therefore, the diagnosis may be inaccurate, particularly in the early stages of PD where abnormal gait patterns can result from normal aging or other medical conditions. Consequently, several classification systems have been developed to enhance PD diagnosis. In this paper, a PD gait severity classification algorithm was developed using vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) signals. The VGRF records used are from a public database that includes 93 PD patients and 72 healthy controls adults. The work presented here focuses on modeling each foot's gait stance phase signals using a modified convolutional long deep neural network (CLDNN) architecture. Subsequently, the results of each model are combined to predict PD severity. The classifier performance was evaluated using ten-fold cross-validation. The best-weighted accuracies obtained were 99.296(0.128)% and 99.343(0.182)%, with the Hoehn-Yahr and UPDRS scales, respectively, outperforming previous results presented in the literature. The classifier proposed here can effectively differentiate gait patterns of different PD severity levels based on gait signals of the stance phase.
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NewsBot · Jul 15, 2024

Sex-related differences in the posture and vertical perception of gait function in patients with Parkinson's disease
Kyohei Mikami et al
Gait & Posture; 8 July 2024

Highlights
●Posture and subjective postural vertical do not differ by sex in patients with PD
●Posture and subjective postural vertical were not associated with gait in men
●Sex differences were observed in the effect of subjective postural vertical on gait
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Background
Although several factors, such as sex and body schema, contribute to gait function, factors for gait dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) have not been elucidated. Postural verticality, a higher-order neural mechanism of gait, is involved in generation of a gait program in healthy individuals; however, its role in patients with PD is unclear. Although subjective postural vertical (SPV), which denotes cognitive information about posture with verticality as the reference axis, is anteriorly and laterally shifted in patients with PD, the presence of sex-related differences in SPV and effect of SPV on gait function remain unclear. Since SPV affects the degree of flexion and lateral bending posture and long-term prognosis of PD, factors affecting SPV in patients with PD should be clarified to improve gait function.

Research question
Is vertical perception of posture (i.e., SPV) related to gait function in patients with PD? Are there any sex-related differences?

Methods
The gait and SPV were evaluated in 59 adult outpatients with PD (31 men and 28 women) using five gait (step length, walking speed, coefficient of variation of step time [step CV], cadence, and mean gait acceleration [acceleration]) and two SPV (SPV in the sagittal and coronal planes) assessments and compared between the sexes.

Results
No sex-related differences were observed in the SPV in patients with PD. The SPV and gait assessments demonstrated no association in men. Walking speed and SPV in the sagittal plane (p = 0.029), and step CV and SPV in the coronal (p = 0.018) and sagittal planes (p = 0.032) were correlated in women.

Significance
Although no sex-related differences in the SPV were observed, our results demonstrated that the SPV is involved in gait function in women but not in men with PD.
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NewsBot · Aug 2, 2024

Vibrotactile Foot Device for Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study
Shanshan Cen et al
Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024 Aug 2

Background: Vibrotactile stimulation has been studied in its efficacy of reducing freezing of gait (FOG) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the results are still controversial. We evaluated the efficacy of a newly developed vibrotactile foot device on freezing severity and gait measures in PD patients with FOG.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of vibrotactile foot device on PD patients with FOG.

Methods: Thirty-three PD patients with FOG were examined during their "off" medication state. The efficacy of the vibrotactile foot device was evaluated using a gait protocol comprising walking trials with vibrotactile stimulation "off" and "on." Walking trials were videotaped for the offline rating by two movement disorder specialists. The Opal inertial sensor unit (128 Hz; Mobility Lab; APDM Inc., Portland, OR, USA) was used for quantitative gait analysis.

Results: The results demonstrated 33.1% reduction in number of FOG episodes (P < 0.001) and 32.6% reduction of freezing episodes (P < 0.001). Quantitative gait analysis showed a significant increase in step length (P = 0.033). A moderate negative correlation was observed between the change of percent time frozen and age (r = -0.415, P = 0.016). 73% of participants reported minimal to substantial improvement in walking with this vibrating stimulation delivered by the vibrotactile foot device.

Conclusions: The vibrotactile foot device is an efficient device that could significantly reduce freezing severity and provide gait regulation to patients with PD experiencing frequent freezing. It could potentially be used in the home environment for improving the quality of life.
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NewsBot · Aug 4, 2024

Detection of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease from foot-pressure sensing insoles using a temporal convolutional neural network
Jae-Min Park et al
Front Aging Neurosci. 2024 Jul 18:16:1437707

Backgrounds: Freezing of gait (FoG) is a common and debilitating symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) that can lead to falls and reduced quality of life. Wearable sensors have been used to detect FoG, but current methods have limitations in accuracy and practicality. In this paper, we aimed to develop a deep learning model using pressure sensor data from wearable insoles to accurately detect FoG in PD patients.

Methods: We recruited 14 PD patients and collected data from multiple trials of a standardized walking test using the Pedar insole system. We proposed temporal convolutional neural network (TCNN) and applied rigorous data filtering and selective participant inclusion criteria to ensure the integrity of the dataset. We mapped the sensor data to a structured matrix and normalized it for input into our TCNN. We used a train-test split to evaluate the performance of the model.

Results: We found that TCNN model achieved the highest accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score for FoG detection compared to other models. The TCNN model also showed good performance in detecting FoG episodes, even in various types of sensor noise situations.

Conclusions: We demonstrated the potential of using wearable pressure sensors and machine learning models for FoG detection in PD patients. The TCNN model showed promising results and could be used in future studies to develop a real-time FoG detection system to improve PD patients' safety and quality of life. Additionally, our noise impact analysis identifies critical sensor locations, suggesting potential for reducing sensor numbers.
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NewsBot · Sep 7, 2024

Real-time auditory feedback for improving gait and walking in people with Parkinson's disease: a pilot and feasibility trial
Nancy E Mayo et al
Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2024 Aug 27;10(1):115

Background: Technology is poised to bridge the gap between demand for therapies to improve gait in people with Parkinson's and available resources. A wearable sensor, Heel2Toe™, a small device that attaches to the side of the shoe and gives a sound each time the person starts their step with a strong heel strike, has been developed and pre-tested by a team at McGill University. The objective of this study was to estimate feasibility and efficacy potential of the Heel2Toe™ sensor in changing walking capacity and gait pattern in people with Parkinson's.

Methods: A pilot study was carried out involving 27 people with Parkinson's randomized 2:1 to train with the Heel2Toe[TM] sensor and or to train with recommendations from a gait-related workbook.

Results: A total of 21 completed the 3-month evaluation, 14 trained with the Heel2Toe[TM] sensor, and 7 trained with the workbook. Thirteen of 14 people in the Heel2Toe group improved over measurement error on the primary outcome, the 6-Minute Walk Test, (mean change 66.4 m) and 0 of the 7 in the Workbook group (mean change - 19.4 m): 4 of 14 in the Heel2Toe group made reliable change and 0 of 7 in the Workbook group. Improvements in walking distance were accompanied by improvements in gait quality. Forty percent of participants in the intervention group were strongly satisfied with their technology experience and an additional 37% were satisfied.

Conclusions: Despite some technological difficulties, feasibility and efficacy potential of the Heel2Toe sensor in improving gait in people with Parkinson's was supported.
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NewsBot · Oct 16, 2024

Investigating the Effects of a Kinematic Gait Parameter-Based Haptic Cue on Toe Clearance in Parkinson’s Patients
Rohan Khatavkar, Ashutosh Tiwari, Priyanka Bhat & Deepak Joshi
Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Recurrent falls pose a significant challenge for Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and are a leading cause of disability in this population. One contributing factor to these recurring falls is the reduced minimum toe clearance (mTC). Preventing such falls by enhancing mTC has become an important goal in gait training among PD patients. In this paper, we propose a wearable cueing-based novel gait training device in anticipation of improved mTC. The cueing device records the foot strike angle (FSA) and cues the participants if the FSA is observed above a threshold. The patients with PD (n = 8) were recruited and asked to walk under two conditions: (a) with cue and (b) without cue at a self-selected speed during the ON medication state. Kinetic and kinematic gait parameters such as vertical ground reaction force, center of pressure, toe clearance, and FSA were recorded. A Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the toe clearance (within 34% to 64% of the swing phase from the toe-off instance) and FSA, from 87.60 mm and − 5.43degrees respectively during without cue to 94.29 mm and 2.93degrees respectively during with cue walking condition except in one subject. These findings support the potential incorporation of an FSA-based cueing device for toe clearance improvement among PD patients. In addition, the wearable setup supports the cueing device applicability outside laboratory and home settings.
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NewsBot · Nov 4, 2024

Ground Reaction Force Analysis in Parkinson’s Disease and Freezing of Gait. A secondary analysis of a gait-analysis data set
M. Etoom, O. Elabd
Source

Background: Freezing of gait (FoG) is one of the most disabling gait disorders in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Biomechanical analyses for FoG are mainly concerned with spatiotemporal gait analysis and gait alteration in response to dual-tasks. There is limitation in kinetic analyses and especially Ground Reaction Force (GRF) analysis. The aim of the current study is to analyze the GRF in a sample of PD participants, and find the effect of FoG on GRF at off- and on-dopaminergic treatment.
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NewsBot · Dec 14, 2024

Freezing of gait shapes the postural control of individuals with Parkinson's disease: Effect of visual information and medication states
Lucas H.C.C. Santos et al
Source

Highlights
• Postural control of individuals with Parkinson's disease was assessed.
• Parkinson's individuals were grouped according to the presence of freezing of gait.
• Magnitude and structure of the ellipses formed with center of pressure were compared.
• Magnitude and structure were sensitive to freezing of gait, medication state and vision.
• Freezing of gait affects the postural control of individuals with Parkinson's disease.
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Background
Several measures of the center of pressure have been used to describe magnitude and structure of the postural sway in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to examine whether both the magnitude and structure of the center of pressure trajectory can differentiate PD individuals with and without freezing of gait in both On- and Off-medication states and with eyes open and closed.
Methods
Twenty-four individuals with PD (14 without, and 10 with freezing of gait) were tested. Participants stood as still as possible on a force plate for 30 s with eyes open and closed and On- and Off-medication. Analyses of variance were used to test the effect of group, medication state, and visual information on the magnitude (area) and structure (shape measured by the ratio between axes length and orientation) of the center of pressure ellipses.
Findings
The center of pressure ellipses were less elongated in On-medication state and for PD with freezing of gait than without freezing of gait. Moreover, the magnitude of the ellipses was larger for PD with freezing than without freezing of gait only in the On-medication state. The orientation of the ellipses was more diagonal for individuals with freezing, in the On-medication state, and with the eyes closed when compared to individuals with PD without freezing under the same conditions.
Interpretation
Magnitude and structure of the postural sway differed between PD individuals with and without freezing of gait, depending on the medication state and the availability of the visual information.
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NewsBot · Apr 9, 2025

Assessment of temporospatial and kinematic gait parameters using human pose estimation in patients with Parkinson's disease: A comparison between near-frontal and lateral views
Jeongsik Kim et al
PLoS One. 2025 Jan 24;20(1):

Gait disturbance is one of the most common symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) that is closely associated with poor clinical outcomes. Recently, video-based human pose estimation (HPE) technology has attracted attention as a cheaper and simpler method for performing gait analysis than marker-based 3D motion capture systems. However, it remains unclear whether video-based HPE is a feasible method for measuring temporospatial and kinematic gait parameters in patients with PD and how this function varies with camera position. In this study, treadmill and overground walking in 24 patients with early PD was measured using a motion capture system and two smartphone cameras placed on the near-frontal and lateral sides of the subjects. We compared the differences in temporospatial gait parameters and kinematic characteristics between joint position data obtained from the 3D motion capture system and the markerless HPE. Our results confirm the feasibility of analyzing gait in patients with PD using HPE. Although the near-frontal view, where the heel and toe are clearly visible, is effective for estimating temporal gait parameters, the lateral view is particularly well-suited for assessing spatial gait parameters and joint angles. However, in clinical settings where lateral recordings are not feasible, near-frontal view recordings can still serve as a practical alternative to motion capture systems.
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Gait in Parkinsons Disease

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Gait in Parkinsons Disease

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Bladder Exstrophy and Gait

Effects of Limb Length Discrepancy on Spinal Motion During Gait

Effects of Biomimetic Shoes on Healthy Young Children's Gait

Out Toe Gait Pattern

The signed helical angle: A technique for characterizing midfoot motion during gait

Arch flexibility and gait

do corns affect gait

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