The latest on gout

NewsBot · Jan 12, 2024

Health disparities in gout
Lindsay N Helget, Ted R Mikuls
Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2023 Dec 26

Purpose of review: Gout, the most common type of inflammatory arthritis in the world, is characterized by painful episodes of arthritis linked by asymptomatic intercritical periods of hyperuricemia. Once characterized as a disease of wealthy white men, contemporary evidence demonstrates gout disproportionately afflicts racial/ethnic minorities, Indigenous populations and other underrepresented groups leading to significant health disparities.

Recent findings: Herein, we review the current literature reporting a higher incidence and prevalence of gout in racial/ethnic minorities and Indigenous populations, in addition to a growing gout burden reported in females. We also examine how these population are more likely to receive suboptimal treatment for flares and chronic phases of gout. Additionally, we examine biologic and social health determinants that may be contributing to these findings.

Summary: Racial/ethnic minorities, Indigenous populations, and females have experienced a disproportionate rise in the prevalence and incidence of gout in recent years, are more likely to seek acute medical care and are less likely to receive optimal long-term care for gout with urate lowering therapy. Mechanisms underpinning these findings appear to be multifactorial and include differences in social determinants of care and in some cases may be due to population differences in select biologic factors such as differences in age, sex, genetics.
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NewsBot · Feb 11, 2024

Diagnosis and management of gout: are the British Society for Rheumatology and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines both needed?

NewsBot · Feb 22, 2024

Association between asymptomatic hyperuricemia and risk of arthritis, findings from a US National Survey 2007-2018
Zhenguo Liang et al
BMJ Open. 2024 Feb 12;14(2):e074391

Background: Arthritis is thought to be closely related to serum uric acid. The study aims to assess the association between asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH) and arthritis.

Methods: A multistage, stratified cluster was used to conduct a cross-sectional study of adult US civilians aged≥20 years from the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants with hyperuricemia and without hyperuricemia prior to gout were included. A questionnaire was used to determine whether participants had arthritis and the type of arthritis. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between hyperuricemia and arthritis.

Result: During the past 12 years, the percentage of participants with arthritis changed from 25.95% (22.53%-29.36%) to 25.53% (21.62%-29.44%). The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) increased from 8.70% (95% CI: 6.56% to 10.85%) to 12.44% (95% CI: 9.32% to 15.55%), the prevalence of AH changed from 16.35% (95% CI: 14.01% to 18.40%) to 16.39% (95% CI: 13.47% to 19.30%). Participants with AH were associated with onset of arthritis (OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.69), but the association was muted after adjusting demographic and socioeconomic factors. For participants aged 40-49 years, AH is associated with incident arthritis (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.23 to 2.99) and the relationship remained after adjusting for education level, income to poverty ratio, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension and smoking (OR=2.00, 95% CI: 1.94 to 3.36). Compared with male, female participants with AH are more likely to develop arthritis, especially in OA (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.60).

Conclusion: Our data identified AH as the risk factor for incident arthritis, especially for OA, which might be exaggerated in aged population and female population.
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NewsBot · Feb 23, 2024

Comparative Effectiveness of Allopurinol and Febuxostat in Gout Management
NEJM Evid. 2022 Aug;1(8)

In the Original Article, "Comparative Effectiveness of Allopurinol and Febuxostat in Gout Management," originally published February 3, 2022 (DOI: 10.1056/EVIDoa2100028), under the Results section, in the first paragraph titled "Prespecified Secondary Outcomes" where the text reads "…(risk difference, 13.4; 95% CI, -∞ to -3.9)" should have read "…(risk difference, -13.4; 95% CI, -∞ to -3.9)". A corrected version of the article has been posted at evidence.nejm.org.
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NewsBot · Apr 18, 2024

Is lactic acid a misunderstood trigger of gout attack for a century?
Yonghai Liu et al
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2024 Apr 10

A gout attack could be viewed as a nucleation event. Many reports have shown that the typical molecular structure of crystallization inhibitors usually contains carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, which could interact with solute molecules through hydrogen bonding, thereby suppressing the nucleation and growth of crystals. Since 1923, l-lactic acid (LA), a molecule with structural features of inhibitors, has been speculated to be a trigger for acute gout because metabolized LA temporarily reduces uric acid excretion and leads to a slow increase in serum uric acid concentration. However, many cases of gout presumably triggered by elevated lactate in a very short period of 4 h are often inexplicable. Here, we present the unexpected result that LA has a significant "opposite effect" on the nucleation and growth of gouty pathological crystals, which is that as the concentration of the additive LA increases, the nucleation and growth of the crystals is suppressed and then facilitated. This approach may help our clarifying the long-standing "misunderstandings" and further understanding the association between metabolized LA and increased risk of gout attacks. Finally, a novel mechanism called "tailed-made occupancy (TMO)" was used to explain the nucleation and crystallization effects of LA on sodium urate monohydrate (MSUM).
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NewsBot · Jun 12, 2024

Interest in daily clinical practice of screening for gouty disease in patients with psoriatic arthritis
Vanessa Moukarzel et al
Source

Objectives: PsA and gout are two prevalent rheumatic diseases, that can be associated as part of a rheumatism known as 'Psout'. Both conditions are associated with cardiovascular (CV) risk, thus their co-occurrence could have significant implications for the management of CV risks and patient care. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gout within a PsA patient cohort and, consequently, to identify factors associated with this pathological association.

Methods: This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, single-center study, including patients diagnosed with PsA. Demographic, clinical, biological and imaging data were collected. We identified the proportion of patients simultaneously affected by PsA and gout and compared characteristics between those with and without gout.

Results: The prevalence of gout among PSA patients was 9.8% (12/122), with a prevalence of 23% for asymptomatic hyperuricemia and 7.4% presenting with specific US signs of gout. Significant associated factors in the univariate analysis included weight, hypertension, diabetes, certain medications (diuretics, aspirin, lipid-lowering agents), impaired renal function, elevated fasting blood glucose, lipid abnormalities and specific US signs of gout.

Conclusion: Our study has described the existence of patients simultaneously affected by PsA and gout ('Psout'). Performing joint US along with uric acid level measurements in PsA patients can enable personalized therapeutic care.
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NewsBot · Jun 26, 2024

Distinct characteristics of the gut virome in patients with osteoarthritis and gouty arthritis
Chang-Ming Chen et al
J Transl Med. 2024 Jun 13;22(1):564.

Background/purpose(s): The gut microbiota and its metabolites play crucial roles in pathogenesis of arthritis, highlighting gut microbiota as a promising avenue for modulating autoimmunity. However, the characterization of the gut virome in arthritis patients, including osteoarthritis (OA) and gouty arthritis (GA), requires further investigation.

Methods: We employed virus-like particle (VLP)-based metagenomic sequencing to analyze gut viral community in 20 OA patients, 26 GA patients, and 31 healthy controls, encompassing a total of 77 fecal samples.

Results: Our analysis generated 6819 vOTUs, with a considerable proportion of viral genomes differing from existing catalogs. The gut virome in OA and GA patients differed significantly from healthy controls, showing variations in diversity and viral family abundances. We identified 157 OA-associated and 94 GA-associated vOTUs, achieving high accuracy in patient-control discrimination with random forest models. OA-associated viruses were predicted to infect pro-inflammatory bacteria or bacteria associated with immunoglobulin A production, while GA-associated viruses were linked to Bacteroidaceae or Lachnospiraceae phages. Furthermore, several viral functional orthologs displayed significant differences in frequency between OA-enriched and GA-enriched vOTUs, suggesting potential functional roles of these viruses. Additionally, we trained classification models based on gut viral signatures to effectively discriminate OA or GA patients from healthy controls, yielding AUC values up to 0.97, indicating the clinical utility of the gut virome in diagnosing OA or GA.

Conclusion: Our study highlights distinctive alterations in viral diversity and taxonomy within gut virome of OA and GA patients, offering insights into arthritis etiology and potential treatment and prevention strategies.
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NewsBot · Jun 28, 2024

Estimation of Hair Toxic and Essential Trace Element and Mineral Profiles of Patients with Chronic Gout
Anatoly V Skalny et al
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Jun 22

The objective of the present study was to evaluate hair levels of toxic and essential trace elements and minerals in male and female patients with chronic gout. A total of 223 examinees aged from 27 to 82 years old including 116 healthy controls (64 women and 52 men) and 107 patients with gout (56 women and 51 men) were enrolled in the current cross-sectional study. Analysis of hair toxic and essential trace element and mineral content was performed using inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. The obtained data demonstrate that hair B, Fe, I, and Mo levels in gout patients were 67%, 8%, 46%, and 21% higher in comparison to the respective control values. Hair Cr and V content in patients was more than twofold higher than in the controls. Hair Mg and Zn levels were found to be 34% and 11% lower when compared to the respective control values. Hair toxic metal and metalloid content was also significantly affected in gout patients. Specifically, hair Al, As, and Pb levels were 24%, 43%, and 33% higher in gout patients than in healthy controls, respectively. Analysis of covariance demonstrated that sex also had a significant influence on hair trace element and mineral levels in gout patients. Specifically, gout-associated overaccumulation of hair trace elements including was more profound in male than in female patients. It is assumed that trace element dysregulation may contribute to gout development and progression, especially in men. However, further studies are required to elucidate this association and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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NewsBot · Jul 21, 2024

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of gouty arthritis in the general population aged > 30
Min Zhao et al
BMC Med Educ. 2024 Jul 19;24(1):775

Background: A knowledge of gouty arthritis could help in the primary prevention of the disease development and lead to an early diagnosis if it occurs. This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward gouty arthritis in the general population > 30 years old.

Methods: This web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population > 30 years old between January and March 2023 in Chengdu, Sichuan. The questionnaire was designed by the investigators based on the available guidelines (Cronbach's α = 0.846). A score above 70% indicated good knowledge, a positive attitude, and proactive practice. Multivariable and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were performed to analyze the factors influencing KAP.

Results: A total of 537 questionnaires were included. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices scores were 13.12 ± 6.41, 25.28 ± 3.97, and 45.25 ± 5.77, respectively. Female (OR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.31-0.71, P < 0.001), suburban living (OR = 0.18, 95%CI: 0.04-0.78, P = 0.022), heads of institution/organization and professional and technical staff (OR = 2.04, 95%CI: 1.23-3.39, P = 0.006), and an income of < 2,000 yuan (OR = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.14-0.85, P = 0.021) were independently associated with knowledge. Female (OR = 2.17, 95%CI: 1.43-3.30, P < 0.001), age (OR = 1.03, 95%CI: 1.01-1.05, P = 0.001), college and above education (OR = 2.26, 95%CI: 1.16-4.41, P = 0.017), an income of 5,000-10,000 yuan (OR = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.27-3.31, P = 0.003), and an income of > 10,000 yuan (OR = 2.07, 95%CI: 1.12-3.81, P = 0.020) were independently associated with attitudes. Attitude (OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.23-1.40, P < 0.001), female (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.01-2.58, P = 0.044), and age (OR = 1.02, 95%CI: 1.00-1.04, P = 0.016) were independently associated with practices. The structural equation modeling analysis showed that knowledge directly influenced attitude (β=-0.10, P < 0.001) and indirectly influenced practice (β=-0.07, P < 0.001), and attitude directly influenced practice (β = 0.68, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The general population over 30 years old had inadequate knowledge, unfavorable attitudes, and less proactive practices toward gouty arthritis. Targeted interventions should focus on enhancing knowledge about gout and promoting positive attitudes toward its management.
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NewsBot · Jul 27, 2024

Risk of incident gout following exposure to recombinant zoster vaccine in US adults aged ≥50 years
Chengchen Zhang et al
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2024 Jul 15

Objective: Assess the risk of incident gout following exposure to recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV).

Methods: This case-only, self-controlled risk interval study included a cohort of US fee-for-service Medicare (Part A, B, and D) beneficiaries aged ≥65 years. The exposure was receipt of at least one dose of the two-dose RZV regimen in 2018 or 2019. The risk and control windows were days 1-30 and days 31-60, respectively, following vaccination. Incident gout was defined as the first episode of gout during the risk or control window, with no evidence of gout in the last 365 days. We estimated the relative risk (RR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) of incident gout in the risk window relative to the control window, using conditional Poisson regression models. Sensitivity analyses included a dose-compliant subanalysis of individuals who received dose 2 60-183 days after dose 1; dose-specific analysis; seasonality adjustment; and COVID-19 adjustment for potential detection bias due to the pandemic.

Results: The 1290 RZV-exposed individuals with incident gout were primarily White (86.98 %), male (61.16 %), and aged 70-79 years (55.82 %). The RR of incident gout was 1.00 (95 % CI 0.90, 1.12). In the dose-compliant sensitivity analysis (n = 959 cases of incident gout), the RR of incident gout was 0.99 (95 % CI 0.87, 1.13). The findings were unchanged in the dose-specific, seasonality, and COVID-19 sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that RZV is not significantly associated with an increased risk of incident gout in the Medicare population aged ≥65 years.
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NewsBot · Jul 30, 2024

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: to treat or not a threat? A clinical and evidence-based approach to the management of hyperuricemia in the context of cardiovascular diseases
Emiliano Fiori et al
J Hypertens. 2024 Jul 11.

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is defined by serum uric acid levels above 6.2 mg/dl in women and 7 mg/dl in men. In the presence of monosodium urate crystal formation and articular inflammation, hyperuricemia may become symptomatic (namely nephrolithiasis and gout). Uric acid results from purine catabolism and is at the centre of a complex metabolic interplay that involves oxidative stress, inflammation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation and insulin resistance. Uric acid levels present a continuous relation with conditions like hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are reported to have an impact on risk of cardiovascular events. However, whether elevated uric acid is a causal agent and thus a possible therapeutic target is still uncertain and matter of further investigation. Treating symptomatic hyperuricemia involves lowering uric acid drugs and controlling inflammation. Urate-lowering agents are well tolerated but show minimal impact on cardiovascular events in patients with gout. Use of direct-acting urate-lowering agents in asymptomatic hyperuricemia associated with cardiovascular diseases does not warrant a clear benefit, whereas addressing cardiovascular issues with guideline-recommended therapies lowers uric acid and reduces the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Regular assessment of uric acid and clinical symptoms is advised before starting and renewing a urate-lowering treatment.
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NewsBot · Jul 30, 2024

Hyperuricemia - consequences of not initiating therapy. Benefits and drawbacks of treatment
Igor Domański et al
Reumatologia. 2024;62(3):207-213

Hyperuricemia, characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the body, is associated with several health risks, including gout, urolithiasis and cardiovascular disease. Although treatment options are available, they can lead to hypersensitivity reactions, particularly with allopurinol therapy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the consequences of hyperuricemia, the need for treatment and the potential adverse effects of allopurinol, illustrated by a case study. The study highlights the importance of careful consideration before initiating therapy, particularly in patients with comorbidities and concomitant medication. It emphasizes the need for vigilant monitoring and individualized treatment approaches to reduce adverse effects. In addition, genetic factors, particularly HLA-B*5801, play an important role in determining susceptibility to allopurinol hypersensitivity reactions. This paper highlights the importance of informed decision making in the management of hyperuricemia to optimize patient outcomes while minimizing the risks associated with treatment.
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NewsBot · Aug 15, 2024

Patient Experience with Chronic Refractory Gout and Its Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life: Literature Review and Qualitative Analysis
Vibeke Strand et al
Rheumatol Ther. 2024 Aug 5

Introduction: Patients with chronic refractory gout face a considerable burden of disease due to unexpected flares characterized by severe and debilitating pain, which can lead to chronic pain and joint damage. This study aimed to understand the symptoms and impacts of chronic refractory gout on health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methods: A targeted literature review was conducted to identify and review key articles describing the symptoms and impacts of gout, and articles examining the psychometric performance of the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) in gout. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 participants with chronic refractory gout. The results were used to develop the conceptual model and determine the appropriateness of the SF-36 and HAQ-DI in evaluating HRQoL in this population.

Results: Most frequently reported symptoms included bodily pain (n = 18, 90.0%), joint swelling (n = 18, 90.0%), joint tenderness (n = 18, 90.0%), and joint pain (n = 16, 80.0%). Most frequently reported impacts were difficulties climbing a flight (n = 20, 100.0%) or several flights of stairs (n = 20, 100.0%), climbing five steps (n = 19, 95.0%), completing chores (n = 19, 95.0%), and running errands and shopping (n = 19, 95.0%). All assessed items from SF-36 and HAQ-DI were reported by ≥ 25% (n = 5) of participants and mapped sufficiently to concepts elicited by participants.

Conclusions: Patients with chronic refractory gout report symptoms and impacts that are highly bothersome and burdensome to everyday life. Items included in the HAQ-DI and SF-36 mapped directly to these symptoms and impacts and are relevant to understand the burden of disease of chronic refractory gout.
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NewsBot · Sep 27, 2024

Short-term risk of cardiovascular events in people newly diagnosed with gout
Edoardo Cipolletta et al
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2024 Sep 15

Objectives: To investigate the temporal association between first diagnosis of gout and cardiovascular events in the short-term.

Methods: We performed a self-controlled case series analysis and a cohort study using data from linked primary care, hospitalisation, and mortality records from the UK's Clinical Practice Research Database (GOLD). We included individuals with a new diagnosis of gout either in the primary care or secondary care between 01/01/1997 and 31/12/2020. The first consultation at which gout was diagnosed was the exposure of interest. The main outcome consisted of cardiovascular events (i.e., a composite of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction, ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischaemic attack).

Results: 4,398 patients (66.9% male, mean age 74.6 years) had a cardiovascular event within ±2 years of their first recorded diagnosis of gout. The incidence of cardiovascular events was significantly higher in the 30 days after the first diagnosis of gout compared to baseline (adjusted incidence rate ratio: 1.55 ((95% confidence interval) 95%CI: 1.33-1.83)). Among 76,440 patients (72.9% male, mean age 63.2 years) included in the cohort study, the incidence of cardiovascular events in the 30 days after the first gout diagnosis (31.2 events/1,000 person-years, 95%CI: 27.1-35.9) was significantly higher than in days 31-730 after gout diagnosis (21.6 events/1,000 person-years, 95%CI:20.8-22.4) with a rate difference of -9.6 events/1,000 person-years, 95%CI: -14.0 to -5.1).

Conclusion: Individuals had a short-term increased risk of cardiovascular events in the 30 days following the first consultation at which gout was diagnosed.
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NewsBot · Sep 28, 2024

Effects of dietary factors on hyperuricaemia and gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Xi Chi,Yangyang Cen,Bowen Yang,Huanzhen Zhang,Zhiyu Pu,Jing Feng,
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition: 17 Sep 2024

This study aimed to gather the best evidence on the relationship between dietary factors and hyperuricaemia and gout. We searched databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science from database creation to July 2023. Meta-analysis showed that consumption of alcohol (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.29-1.55; 1.60, 95% CI: 1.33-1.93, respectively), red meat (OR:1.27, 95% CI: 1.18-1.37; 1.32, 95% CI: 1.18-1.47, respectively), fructose (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.21-1.38; 1.65, 95% CI: 1.36-2.01, respectively) and seafoods (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.20-1.64; 1.29, 95% CI: 1.00-1.67, respectively) were positively associated with the risk of hyperuricaemia and gout, while vegetables (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.71-0.85; 0.96,95% CI 0.74-1.24, respectively) were inversely associated. Dairy products (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.61-0.78) and nuts (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60-0.93) were also inversely associated with the risk of hyperuricaemia. Soy products (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98) and coffee (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.39-0.81) were negatively associated with the risk of gout.
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NewsBot · Oct 17, 2024

News Release 15-Oct-2024
Study busts myths about cause of gout
A major international study has found gout is a chronic illness where genetics is a major cause, rather than lifestyle choices of the sufferer.

Led by University of Otago researchers, the genome-wide association study, published in Nature Genetics, analysed the genetic information of 2.6 million people.

Researchers analysed amalgamated DNA data sets from around the world. About three quarters of the data was from customers of 23andMe, Inc, a direct-to-consumer genetics and preventative health company, who consented to participate in research.

They found inherited genetics is an important part of why some people get gout and most others don’t.

Senior author Professor Tony Merriman, of Otago’s Department of Microbiology and Immunology, hopes the findings will remove some of the stigma around gout.

“Gout is a chronic disease with a genetic basis and is not the fault of the sufferer – the myth that gout is caused by lifestyle or diet needs to be busted.

“This widespread myth causes shame in people with gout, making some people more likely to suffer in silence and not go and see the doctor to get a preventive drug that lowers urate in the blood and will prevent their pain.

“People need to understand that while specific dietary factors, such as eating red meat, can trigger gout attacks, the fundamental cause is high urate levels, crystals in the joints, and an immune system primed to ‘attack’ the crystals – genetics plays an important role in all of these processes.”

The research identified a large number of immune genes and immune pathways that provide new targets and approaches for preventing gout attacks.

Professor Merriman hopes these findings will lead to improved treatment for gout sufferers.

“We hope that, in time, better and more accessible treatments will become available with the new targets we identified,” he says.

One such option could be the repurposing of a drug used to treat a range of other immune-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis – tocilizumab targets a receptor for an immune signaller, interleukin-6, which the research identified as a new gene for gout.

“Gout deserves more health spend resource and greater prioritisation in the health system.”

NewsBot · Oct 18, 2024

Determinants of self-management behavior in gout: a scoping review
Jeffrey van der Ven et al
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2024 Oct 17.

Objective: This study aimed to identify modifiable determinants of self-management behavior in gout.

Methods: Four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL) were searched using terms related to gout, self-management and determinants of behavior as described in the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies via screening of title/abstract and full text. Thematic synthesis was performed for qualitative data; quantitative data was summarized using cross-tabulation displaying the investigated associations of determinants with self-management behavior. The TDF facilitated identification and grouping of determinants.

Results: From 2087 unique articles found, 56 studies were included in this review, of which 27 qualitative and 29 quantitative studies. Eight themes were identified: knowledge and skills for self-management, acceptance of disease, beliefs about necessity of self-management to improve gout-related health, resistance and reluctance for medication adherence and dietary alteration/changes, negative emotions influencing self-management, social support and interactions, environmental context, and self-regulation of behavior. Quantitative determinants associated with self-management behavior, predominantly medication adherence, were mapped to 12 of the 14 domains of the TDF. No determinants regarding skills and goals have been identified in quantitative research.

Conclusion: Intervention targets for self-management behavior in gout mainly included determinants related to knowledge, implicit and explicit beliefs and attitudes, the environmental context and resources, (social) support and reinforcement.
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NewsBot · Oct 25, 2024

Support needs of gout patients and suitability of eHealth to address these needs
Jeffrey van der Ven et al
Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2024 Oct 4;8(4)

Objectives: To investigate the support needs of patients with gout regarding information, communication, treatment and disease monitoring, and patients' views on and preferences for eHealth applications to address these needs.

Methods: A focus group study using purposive sampling was conducted. Three focus group sessions with a duration of 2 h per group were held with in total of 23 patients using urate-lowering therapy, recruited from primary and secondary care. Audio recordings were transcribed, and data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results: Eight themes were identified. Five themes addressed support needs of gout patients and suitability of eHealth in addressing those needs: (1) Timely access to healthcare, especially during flares; (2) (personalized) information regarding diagnosis, medication, and diet; (3) insight into uric acid levels and medication side effects through blood monitoring; (4) better coordination across primary and secondary care; and (5) self-management and shared responsibility over care for maintaining health. Three themes addressed eHealth in general: (1) receptive towards eHealth in gout care; (2) the preference for eHealth to have a complementary role (i.e. not replacing face-to-face) contact with healthcare providers; and (3) preferences on eHealth use and functionalities.

Conclusion: Patients expressed various needs regarding their disease management and projected a supporting role for eHealth in (self)management of gout. Addressing the needs and preferences of patients could enhance their understanding of the disease and treatment, self-management, and possibly health outcomes.
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NewsBot · Oct 29, 2024

Exploring genetic links between blood metabolites and gout susceptibility
Wenxing Zeng et al
Clin Rheumatol. 2024 Oct 29

Background: Gout, a prevalent form of inflammatory arthritis, has a complex etiology where the causal relationship between metabolites and the disease remains underexplored. This study aims to elucidate the impact of genetically determined blood metabolites on gout.

Methods: Employing a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis, we examined the association between 1400 blood metabolites and gout. Causal associations were determined using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Sensitivity analyses encompassed weighted models, MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR-PRESSO approaches. MR-pleiotropy and Cochran's Q statistic were utilized to evaluate potential heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Additionally, metabolic pathway analyses were conducted to pinpoint relevant pathways.

Results: Of the initial 4 serum metabolites identified, 3 known metabolites-hexanoylglutamine levels, mannose content, and the phosphate to mannose ratio-were found to be causally associated with gout, along with 55 serum metabolites identified as potential predictors of gout (PIVW < 0.05). Furthermore, we discovered 3 metabolic pathways implicated in gouty attacks.

Conclusion: Our findings, derived from Mendelian randomization, indicate that the identified metabolites and pathways may serve as biomarkers for clinical screening and prevention of gout. Additionally, they offer novel insights into the mechanisms of the disease and potential drug targets. Key points • Conducted a comprehensive Mendelian randomization study involving 1400 blood metabolites to explore their genetic impact on gout development and progression • Identified three key metabolites-hexanoylglutamine, mannose, and the phosphate-to-mannose ratio-with causal associations to gout, highlighting their potential use as biomarkers for early detection and risk stratification • Discovered 55 additional serum metabolites as potential predictors of gout, offering new insights into the pathophysiology of the disease and identifying high-risk individuals • Revealed three novel metabolic pathways involved in gout attacks, providing new therapeutic targets for precision medicine in gout treatment.
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NewsBot · Nov 8, 2024

Gout Flare Burden in the United States: A Multiyear Cross-Sectional Survey Study
Jasvinder A Singh et al
ACR Open Rheumatol. 2024 Nov 5

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the burden of gout flares and examine associated patient characteristics and outcomes in a sample of US adults.

Methods: Data were collected via an online survey of US adults ≥18 years using a random stratified sampling framework. Participants with gout completed questions about treatments, serum urate (SU) levels, severity, satisfaction with control, and gout flares. All participants completed the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item Scale. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses examined factors predictive of reporting gout flares to a physician.

Results: A total of 933 participants met the study criteria for having gout. Those with gout tended to be older (58.3 [SD 13.3] years vs 45.4 [SD 16.1] years; P < 0.001), male (76.3% vs 46.9%; P < 0.001), White (80.5% vs 76.8%; P = 0.01), and married or living with their partner (58.9% vs 52.8%; P < 0.001) compared with those without gout (n = 30,146). The total gout flare burden for those with gout was 6.6 gout flares per year. Nearly 72% of gout flares were either not reported to physicians or pretreated or prevented. Characteristics of those who were less likely to report gout flares included being younger, being less educated, having a lower Charlson Comorbidity Index score, not being diagnosed with gout by their doctor, and not taking a urate-lowering therapy.

Conclusion: This study confirmed that gout flares are common in US adults with gout and found that gout flares are underreported. Reliance on clinical documentation of physician-reported gout flares is insufficient to assess the true patient burden of gout.
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NewsBot · Nov 18, 2024

Regulating Lipid Metabolism in Gout: A New Perspective with Therapeutic Potential
Xianheng Zhang, Jian Liu
Int J Gen Med. 2024 Nov 12:17:5203-5217

Gout is a metabolic disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis caused by abnormal uric acid metabolism. It is often complicated with cardio-renal damage and vascular lesions. In recent years, the relationship between lipid metabolism and gout has attracted increasing attention. Changes in blood lipids in gout patients are often clinically detectable and closely related to uric acid metabolism and inflammatory response in gout. With the development of lipidomics, the changes in small lipid molecules and their metabolic pathways have been gradually discovered, yielding a greater understanding of the lipid metabolism changes in gout patients and their potential role in gout development. Through searching the literature on lipid metabolism in gout since 2000 in PubMed and Web of Science, this article reviewed lipid metabolism changes in gout patients and their role in the risk of gout, uric acid metabolism, inflammatory response, and comorbidities. Additionally, the strategies to regulate the abnormal lipid metabolism in gout have also been summarized from the aspects of drugs, diet, and exercise. These will provide a new perspective for understanding gout pathogenesis and its treatment and management.
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NewsBot · Nov 29, 2024

Allopurinol Adherence in US Patients With Gout: Analysis of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2018-2021
Kevin R Riggs, Joshua S Richman, Andrea L Cherrington, Jasvinder A Singh
J Clin Rheumatol. 2024 Nov 25

Background/objective: Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis, and its morbidity can be substantially reduced through urate-lowering therapy. However, adherence to allopurinol-the most common urate-lowering therapy-is notoriously poor. Prior studies have not fully elucidated factors associated with allopurinol adherence, particularly psychosocial factors.

Methods: We used 2018-2021 data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a national longitudinal survey on health care expenditures and utilization. We calculated the medication possession ratio (MPR) for allopurinol for participants with gout and categorized each as follows: no allopurinol fills, low adherence (MPR ≤0.8), or high adherence (MPR >0.8) to allopurinol. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with high adherence, using person-year as the unit of measure and accounting for clustering for participants who contributed more than 1 person-year.

Results: The analyses included 919 respondents (1453 person-years), representing a weighted total of 15,084,439 person-years. Across all years, 27.4% had no allopurinol fills, 37.4% had low adherence, and 35.2% had high adherence. In multivariable models for high adherence, Black race (odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.73, compared with White) and residence in the South US region (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.82, compared with Northeast) were negatively associated with high adherence.

Conclusions: Black race and residing in the Southern US were associated with lower allopurinol adherence among gout patients. Interventions to improve adherence, particularly among Black patients in the South, are needed to maximize the potential benefits of allopurinol.
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NewsBot · Dec 3, 2024

Optimizing Gout Treatment: A Comprehensive Review of Current and Emerging Uricosurics
Dan Kaufmann et al
Joint Bone Spine. 2024 Nov 30:105826

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis, affecting approximately 5.1% of adults in the United States (US) population. Gout is a metabolic and autoinflammatory disease. Elevated uric acid pools lead to the precipitation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in and around joints, as well as other tissues, and the subsequent autoinflammatory response. Since elevated serum urate (SU) levels (hyperuricemia) correspond with gout severity, urate-lowering therapies (ULTs) are the cornerstone of gout treatment. ULTs include xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors, uricosurics, less commonly used in the US but widely used in Europe and Asia, including benzbromarone, dotinurad, and probenecid (the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved uricosuric in the US), and uricases, including rasburicase and pegloticase (available only in the US). Over 90% of the daily load of uric acid filtered by the kidneys is reabsorbed through renal transporters. These urate transporters include uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9, and organic anion transporters 1, 3, and 4 (OAT1, OAT3, OAT4). They are the target of approved and in-the-pipeline uricosurics. Any drug that increases renal excretion of uric acid, independently of the mechanism through which it exerts its effect, may be considered a uricosuric drug. This review discusses drugs that increase renal excretion of uric acid, either approved or in development, as well as off-label drugs with uricosuric properties.
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NewsBot · Dec 22, 2024

Gout: global epidemiology, risk factors, comorbidities and complications: a narrative review
Kimia Motlagh Asghari et al
BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024 Dec 19;25(1):1047.

Background: Gout is one of the oldest known diseases and the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. The established risk factors for gout include hyperuricemia, chronic renal disease, genetic, alcohol consumption, dietary factors, diuretic use, hypertension, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Patients with gout have an increased risk of all-cause mortality, particularly from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and infectious diseases. Gout is also associated with several complications, such as nephrolithiasis. This literature review describes the global epidemiology and trends associated with gout, before providing an overview of its risk factors and complications.

Methods: This research used the narrative review method. Thorough searches were performed in PubMed and Google scholar, up to June 15, 2024, for articles that evaluated the risk factors, comorbidities or complications associated with gout. Moreover, we also included studies that reported the epidemiological characteristics or burden of gout at the global, regional, or national level.

Results: Gout is more prevalent in developed countries, than in developing countries, although its prevalence is increasing globally. In addition, gout is much more prevalent among males than among females. Hyperuricemia has the largest role in the development of gout, although many risk factors contribute to the increasing prevalence of gout, including genes, several medications, and diet. Gout is associated with several comorbidities and complications, which need to be taken into consideration when managing gout. In recent years, gout has been found to be associated with several new comorbidities.

Conclusions: Our findings provide a comprehensive and informative overview that can be useful for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of gout.
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NewsBot · Jan 1, 2025

Healthcare burden of public hospital gout admissions in New South Wales, Australia
Wing Wai Tse et al
Intern Med J. 2024 Dec 30.

Background and aims: In New Zealand, the Māori and Pacific Islander population has a higher rate of hospital admissions for gout; however, we lack data for these population groups who reside in Australia. This study examined the pattern of hospital gout admissions in New South Wales (NSW), the most populous state of Australia, with a particular focus on the Māori and Pacific Islander population.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study exploring the pattern of gout admissions in NSW public hospitals in the financial years 2017/2018 to 2019/2020. All patients aged ≥20 years, admitted to hospital with gout as the principal diagnosis between 1 July 2017 and 30 June 2020, were included in this study. Outcomes measured included the number and costs of these hospital admissions. Crude and age-standardised admission rates were calculated.

Results: Western Sydney Local Health District (LHD) and South Western Sydney LHD had the highest number of hospital admissions with a principal diagnosis of gout (n = 537 and 788 admissions, respectively) in the 3-year study period. Māori and Pacific Islanders had higher rates of admissions due to gout (109.9 admissions per 100 000 people, compared to 20.0 for non-Māori/non-Pacific Islanders) and were of younger age.

Conclusions: This study highlights the ethnic and geographical disparities in gout hospital admissions in NSW, with the Māori and Pacific Islander population of Western and South Western Sydney disproportionately affected. Culturally appropriate gout management strategies may be needed in the Māori and Pacific Islander population to address the large number of gout cases in western and southwestern Sydney.
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NewsBot · Jan 7, 2025

Osteoarthritis synovium as a nidus for monosodium urate crystal deposition inducing severe gout studied by label-free stimulated Raman scattering combined with synovial organoids
Ziyi Chen et al
MedComm (2020). 2025 Jan 5;6(1):e70040.

Gout, a common chronic disease, is characterized by the formation and deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition in articular and nonarticular structures. Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent type of arthritis, is a progressive degenerative joint disease. Previous clinical studies have reported that gout frequently affects OA joints; however, the underlying mechanism remains unidentified. Recently, OA synovium has been proposed as a favorable vehicle for MSU crystal deposition. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether OA synovium acts as a nidus for MSU crystal deposition inducing severe gout flares, using label-free, highly-specific stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy combined with innovative preclinical models-synovial organoids. Crystal deposition, cellular phagocytosis, and subsequent inflammation intensity was imaged in ex vivo synovial organoids using SRS microscopy and other biochemical techniques. Results revealed that MSU crystals were more likely to deposit in OA synovium than in normal synovium. Furthermore, OA synoviocytes were more capable of phagocytosing crystals, leading to severe inflammation, and thus, expediting gout. These findings offer a potential explanation for why gout is preferred in OA joints and offer significant insights into the pathophysiology of gout, thereby informing prevention and management strategies for OA to prevent or alleviate the subsequent progression of gout.
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NewsBot · Apr 23, 2025

Physical Impairments in People With Gout: A Scoping Review
Pranav Kumar et al
Musculoskeletal Care. 2025 Jun;23(2):e70103.

Introduction: Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. It is predominantly managed with pharmacological interventions, and physical impairments in people with gout have seldom been studied. We aimed to identify gout-related physical impairments that may be targeted by physical interventions.

Methods: Five electronic databases (Medline, AMED, EMBASE, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL) were searched from inception to April 2024, together with reference lists of all included articles. We included all study designs, except for singular case reports, conducted in people with gout, where at least one objective physical impairment outcome was reported. All title, abstract and full-text article eligibility screening was performed independently by two reviewers. Independent data extraction included design and setting, participant demographics, baseline characteristics, disease duration, physical impairment investigated, and method of assessment. Data synthesis was summarised descriptively.

Results: Twenty-four articles were included. Most studies were cross-sectional designs in secondary care settings, 11 were performed in New Zealand. Participants' mean ages ranged from 41.3 (standard deviation (SD) not calculated) to 75.8 (SD 5.2) years. Participants were predominantly male. Gout duration ranged from 24 h to a mean of 28 years. Five broad categories of physical impairment were identified: lower extremity function, joint range of motion, strength, deformity, and Achilles tendon stiffness.

Conclusions: Based on limited evidence, the most commonly observed physical impairments are related to lower extremity function and joint range of motion. Our review identifies the need to better understand and quantify gout-related physical impairments before developing targeted physical interventions.
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NewsBot · May 25, 2025

Evaluation of treatment compliance in gout patients: a patient-centered study
M Buğra Görgülü et al
Turk J Med Sci. 2025 Jan 8;55(2):413-422

Background/aim: Most studies on unsuccessful gout treatment suggest that knowledge gaps and inadequate physician interventions are major contributors. However, there is a lack of research on the extent to which patients, educated by knowledgeable and experienced physicians, adhere to these recommendations.

Materials and methods: This study evaluated patients seen in university rheumatology clinics who were adequately informed about diet, target serum uric acid levels, and gout by rheumatologists. We assessed their compliance with treatment, clinical and laboratory findings, and disease status a median of seven years after treatment initiation. A total of 302 gout patients who began treatment in tertiary rheumatology centers and received adequate information were screened. After the initial interview, 195 patients met the study criteria and were included. Treatment compliance was evaluated based on self-reports, and target uric acid level achievement was assessed using medical records.

Results: Of the 195 patients included in the study, 87.4% were male, with a median age of 59 years. Common comorbidities included hypertension (50%), hypertriglyceridemia (54.5%), and diabetes mellitus (23.2%). The median BMI was 29.3 kg/m2, with 45.1% classified as overweight and 44.6% as obese. At the last follow-up, 68.5% of patients who continued their prescribed medication remained adherent. Nonadherent patients consumed significantly more meat (≥3.5 servings/week) and experienced longer intervals between flares. Nonadherent patients also had higher uric acid levels (7.25 mg/dL vs. 6.0 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and more frequent gout flares. Regular follow-up visits were significantly lower in nonadherent patients.

Conclusion: Achieving an acceptable level of treatment adherence and success in gout patients depends on adequate disease knowledge and appropriate education provided by physicians.
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NewsBot · Jun 18, 2025

Time trends and predictors of gout remission over six years
Adwoa Dansoa Tabi-Amponsah et al
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2025 Jun 18.

Objectives: This study aims to describe the trends in remission rates over six years of follow-up among people with gout taking urate-lowering therapy (ULT), and to identify variables that predict remission.

Methods: A post hoc analysis was conducted using data from the Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Patients with Gout (CARES) trial, which enrolled people with gout and cardiovascular disease randomised to febuxostat or allopurinol. Gout remission over six years of follow-up was measured in participants with at least one year of follow-up data using the simplified gout remission definition, requiring the fulfilment of three domains, a) no gout flares during the past year, b) at least two serum urate measurements <0.36mmol/l during the past year, and c) no tophus. Logistic regression was used to identify baseline predictors of remission.

Results: Achievement of remission increased from 37.4% of participants (1593/4259) at year 1 to 63.1% (322/510) at year 6. Across the six years, 59.4% of participants achieved remission at least once. More participants on febuxostat achieved remission during the first two years, primarily due to a higher number achieving the serum urate remission domain. In multivariable analysis, baseline age, race, greater disease severity, presence of comorbidities, and febuxostat treatment were variables significantly associated with remission.

Conclusion: On ULT, fulfilment of remission increases over time and remission can be achieved in the majority of patients. Baseline predictors, including demographics, comorbidities and disease severity, may be useful to identify people with gout who need more proactive management to achieve remission.
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NewsBot · Jun 19, 2025

Trends and burden of gout among adolescents aged 10-24 years: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021
Yueshan Pang et al
Front Public Health. 2025 Jun 4:13:1526141.

Background: Gout increasingly affects adolescents. However, comprehensive data on adolescent gout are scarce. This study aimed to analyse the incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and risk factors for gout in adolescents aged 10-24 years via the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database from 1990 to 2021.

Methods: This study employed cross-sectional data from the GBD 2021 study in adolescents aged 10-24 years. The incidence, prevalence, YLD, and risk factor rates or numbers for gout were extracted, and trends across different sociodemographic index (SDI) levels and exponential annualized percentage change (EAPC) rates were analysed via linear regression analysis. Bayesian age-period-cohot (BAPC) model with an integrated nested Laplace approximation to predict the age-standardized incidence rate of gout among adolescents over the next 15 years in Global, China, Taiwan (Province of China), Qatar, and Maldives.

Results: The global incidence number of gout in adolescents increased by 23.47% (95% CI 21.66 to 25.92) from 1990 to 2021; by 2021, the incidence number of gout was 110664.59 (95% UI 62543.83 to 163447.37). High BMI was the leading risk factor for YLD. The higher the SDI is, the greater the incidence of gout and the greater the disease burden in adolescents. Taiwan (Province of China) had the highest rates in 2021, and an increasing trend is predicted by 2035.

Conclusion: Adolescent gout is an escalating global health issue, particularly in regions with increasing age-standardized incidence rates. Urgent dietary and weight interventions are recommended to reduce the disease burden in adolescents.
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NewsBot · Jun 25, 2025

Association of walking volume and intensity with incident gout: a population-based cohort study
Ziying Wu et al
Am J Epidemiol. 2025 May 20:kwaf109.

Previous studies have reported that walking is associated with a lower risk of several metabolic diseases; however, evidence of its association with gout, a metabolic condition, is lacking. We conducted cohort studies using data from the UK Biobank (2013-2021) to examine the relationship of walking volume and intensity with the risk of incident gout. We included 92,066 participants who were free of gout and had valid baseline 7-day accelerometer data, which allowed us to derive walking volume (total steps), walking intensity (peak 30-minute cadence), and their combination (purposeful steps). Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident gout were estimated across different walking activity metrics groups using Cox proportional hazard models. During a mean follow-up period of 6.93 years, 706 participants developed incident gout. Walking volume and intensity alone showed no significant relationship to the risk of incident gout. However, compared with the low group (<5,000 steps/day) of purposeful steps, the risk of incident gout was lower in the middle group (5,000-7,999 steps/day) and high (≥8,000 steps/day) group, with adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals of 0.78 (0.66-0.94) and 0.72 (0.58-0.90), respectively (P for trend =0.003). These findings offer valuable insights for developing walking-based recommendations to prevent incident gout.
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NewsBot · Jul 4, 2025

Effectiveness of pharmacist-led interventions in improving gout outcomes: A systematic review
Maria Tanveer et al
Res Social Adm Pharm. 2025 Jun 27:S1551-7411(25)00375-4.

Background: Pharmacists are core members of the healthcare team, offering essential support beyond dispensing of medications. They play a crucial role in managing and educating patients, particularly those with chronic diseases. Although numerous studies have reported the involvement of pharmacists in the care of people living with gout, the overall evidence remains limited and is not well defined.

Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of pharmacist-led interventions in improving gout outcomes in people living with gout, specifically focusing on serum uric acid levels, medication adherence, and patient education.

Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on multiple electronic databases including PubMed, Ovid Embase and Cochrane (library) central to identify relevant studies published up to April 2025. The studies eligible for this review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and non-randomized studies (non-RCTs), including pre-post studies and cohort designs that assessed pharmacist-led interventions in the management of gout. Outcomes of interest were reductions in serum uric acid levels, prevention of gout flares, absolute serum uric acid reductions, required dosage to achieve target serum uric acid level, improvements in patient education and frequency of clinic visits. The risk of bias for RCTs was assessed by utilizing the ROB-2 tool, while non-randomized studies were assessed with the ROBINS-I tool.

Results: Five studies involving a total of 1805 people living with gout were included in this review. In these studies, pharmacists delivered interventions such as provided interventions; enhancing patient education or providing pharmaceutical care either alone or in collaboration with other healthcare team members were included. Two studies were RCTs, while three were non-RCTs. Pharmacist-led interventions contributed to achieving target serum uric acid levels, determining appropriate the dose of urate lowering therapy needed to attain target levels, improving adherence, and reducing gout flares. The randomized trials were found to have lower risk compared to non-randomized studies.

Conclusion: The findings suggested that pharmacist involvement in gout management can considerably enhance disease control and improve the overall quality of life for patients. Further research is warranted to identify the most effective components of pharmacist-led interventions and to evaluate their effect on gout outcomes.
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